Nazism

Assignment: Choose either a passage from this blog and write out the way in which we have done all the assignments 1) Quote; 2) Interpretation; 3) Why you chose the quote. Or choose a scene from the movie, describe it, interpret it, and explain why you chose this scene. 

"In February, the Reichstag is set on fire. The Nazis blame the Communists for the fire and under the pretext of a terrorist attack, the Reichstag Fire Decrees are passed immediately and the Enabling Act is passed in March 1933 granting Hitler’s government full dictatorial powers. All of the communists and about a ¼ of the social democratic representatives in the Reichstag are forcibly prevented from voting for this law. Only the leftovers of the SPD vote against the Enabling Act, the centrist and conservative parties vote for the Enabling Act. This act gives permanent emergency powers to the German Chancellor, Hitler, who promptly suspends all civil and political liberties. The constitution remains in effect but from this point on it is just a formality. Political parties are dissolved except for the Nazi party and it becomes illegal to form new parties. The government begins cracking down on communists, artists, intellectuals, trade unionists, social democrats, and other political opponents. Feminists are attacked, as are homosexuals as traditional patriarchic values are forcibly re-established. Jews and all racial minorities are persecuted and denied any legal protection. The first concentration camp is created at Dachau, near Munich, the birthplace of Nazism in 1933. Around the cultural center of Weimar, also the former capital of the government, which represents the highest achievements of German art and humanism, the Buchenwald concentration camp is constructed in 1937 (along with hundreds more). Buchenwald is the first and Dachau is the second concentration camp liberated by the U.S. and allies in 1945, this was the first confirmation for the West of the true horrors of the Nazi regime".

    This passage talks about Hitler's raised to power. He can be consider a cheater because he used lies to gain control. He took over the nation in a blink of an eye. The way he gained so much control and power over the Germans is frighting. He denied his own people their rights and put everyone into categories. The U.S. and allies in 1945,were able to free Jews of the horrible conditions they were living and the horrible treatment they were receiving.
    I choose this passage because I have always felt that Hitler is a monster. He made many Jews suffer and the conditions they were in the concentration camps were horrible and inhumane. He even treated Germans as his pets because they had a constitution that was worth nothing, their rights were thrown to the trash and they were his puppets to do as he pleased. The cruelty of his actions I feel will never be forgotten by the world and is unbelieved that many people claim that the horrors Jews lived during his dictatorship never happened.

Max Weber: Politics as a Vocation

Assignment: Please choose a passage from “Politics as a Vocation”, write out the passage, and give the meaning of the quote as well as you chose the quote. How does Weber's writings on technical leadership, rationalization, and bureaucracy anticipate Jünger's later writings on technology?

"Today the relation between the state and violence is an especially intimate one. In the past, the most varied institutions--beginning with the sib--have known the use of physical force as quite normal. Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Note that 'territory' is one of the characteristics of the state. Specifically, at the present time, the right to use physical force is ascribed to other institutions or to individuals only to the extent to which the state permits it. The state is considered the sole source of the 'right' to use violence. Hence, 'politics' for us means striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power, either among states or among groups within a state” (Page 6).

    This passage written by Weber states that the state and violence have an intimate relationship. In order for a state to rule it needs to use violence to have control over the people. Weber states that "a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory" meaning that the people in the state are the ones that use violence as a way for obedience from others.Weber states as well that "The state is considered the sole source of the 'right' to use violence" meaning that violence is the key for the state's success in controlling and doing what they please. Lastly, Weber states that " 'politics'...means striving to share power or striving to influence the distribution of power, either among states or among groups within a state" meaning that politics causes states to want to use violence in order to have power and it influences how that power is distributed and used within the state.
    Weber's writings on technical leadership, rationalization, and bureaucracy anticipate Jünger's later writings on technology in the fact the Weber felt that the state had to much power and when a country has a lot of power they try to gain more. Technology has always played an important role in the development and rising of nations especially in times of war.
 

The Weimar Republic

Assignment: Please choose TWO sections, one from the first part on the structure of government, and a second from the second section on rights. Please write out the passages, interpret the meaning of them and explain why you chose these passages.

Article 17
Every state must have the constitution of a free state. State parliament must be elected in a general, equal, immediate and secret ballot, in which all Reich German men and women participate, according to the principles of representative election. The state government requires the confidence of state parliament.
The principles for the election of state parliament also apply for local elections. State law may determine if those who lived in the community for one year or less may participate in the election or not.
          My interpretation of this passage is that if your a born and raised citizen you have the right to vote for whom ever you wish to represent you in parliament. This will be done without judgment and no one can know for whom you voted because it is a secret ballot. Men and women are represented equally and there is no separation. State and local elections are conducted the same way. According to state law it can be determine if "those who lived in the community for one year or less may participate in the election or not".
   I choose this passage because I feel that is important to have the right to vote and equally no separation of men or women. Is very important to have the right to vote without the fear that everyone will know who your voting especially during the time this took place. The only thing I don't agree is with the last line because in order to vote in the community you live in you should have lived there for over a year, is the same as the fact that you most be a citizen in the United States in order to vote. In my opinion everyone should have the right to express their opinion if they live in a place. 

Article 119
Marriage, as the foundation of the family and the preservation and expansion of the nation, enjoys the special protection of the constitution. It is based on the equality of both genders.
It is task of both the state and the communities to strengthen and socially promote the family. Large families may claim social welfare.
Motherhood is placed under state protection and welfare.
    My interpretation of this passage is that the family is the strength of any community. In order to have more generations that are responsible it has to start with the foundation of the family. The community plays a great role in encouraging the structure of family and togetherness. After all families create the future generations that will keep and improve the nation. Is important that gender is based on equality and that everyone has the right to better themselves and their families.
    I choose this passage because I agree that family is important and is the foundation of society. Is important that the communities in which you live promote family and care for their welfare. Also mothers' are the foundation in creating, establishing and maintaining the structure of the family.

"The Junius Pamphlet"

Assignment: Please read “The Junius Pamphlet” and select a passage from the essay. Write out the essay, explain what the passage means, and then explain why you chose this passage.

"...Business thrives in the ruins. Cities become piles of ruins; villages become cemeteries; countries, deserts; populations are beggared; churches, horse stalls. International law, treaties and alliances, the most sacred words and the highest authority have been torn in shreds. Every sovereign “by the grace of God” is called a rogue and lying scoundrel by his cousin on the other side. Every diplomat is a cunning rascal to his colleagues in the other party. Every government sees every other as dooming its own people and worthy only of universal contempt..." (Ch. 1, p 2).
 
        My interpretation of this passage that I choose is that government is a business. Every country tries to obtain from others what benefits them. This usually causes war that leave cities in piles of ruins and the people not knowing what to do than to follow what the government tells them. War causes great destruction and leaves you feeling empty when is over. An example of government being a business is that fact that right now the United States is in debt to Japan, the irony being that during WWII they were enemies and many innocent people died. Their government only lost soldiers, while families lost loved ones.
        The reason I choose this passage is because in my opinion government is a business that seeks to benefit those in power without taking in mind the needs of the people that voted them to office. Many critics of the war with Iraq believe and claim that the United States real reason for being in Iraq is not because of the terrorists attacks of 9/11 but to gain territory and oil. Which makes you come to the conclusion of business. Many times is better to put the blame on others so that the people around you don't notice the truth that is your fault whatever is happening to you.

Midterm

3) Explain the various stages of development that Siddhartha goes through. How effective is Siddhartha's philosophy of detachment as a response to nihilism?

In life we all go through different stages. In the novel “Siddhartha” by Hermann Hesse we encounter the character of Siddhartha who goes through various stages of development in his life to find oneness. The various stages Siddhartha goes through are first being the son of the Brahman, becoming a Samana, meeting Gotama, awakening from the teachings, the second stage is meeting Kamala, realizing he was living like the childlike people, realizing his life is like the game of Sansara, watching the river and wanting to die, seeing the ferryman again, discovering he had a son, seeing life through Om and finally reaching enlightenment.  These stages are effective in Siddhartha’s philosophy of detachment as a response to nihilism.

The first stage is being the son of the Brahman where Siddhartha’s life begins. He is not satisfied with this life and wishes to know more than what the Brahman’s teachings offer him, he wishes to find more knowledge and become enlighten. He decides to leave his father and follow the ways of the Samanas. He and his good friend Govinda become Samanas and follow their way of life for years. Here Siddhartha learns to fast, to think and to wait and also learns to cast spells on others. After so many years with the Samana’s still feels discontent and with Govinda after hearing many rumors decide to find a wise man named Gotama the Buddha. Siddhartha finds Gotama’s teachings interesting and wishes to be enlighten like him and realizes that by following Gotama’s teachings he won’t be able to be enlighten on less he experiences what Gotama has experience in life in order to have become enlighten. He leaves Gotama and his friend Govinda decides to stay behind and become a monk. After his talk with Gotama Siddhartha is awaken to a new life, one in which the teachings won’t be part of his life. With no destination Siddhartha decides to go to the city and on his way encounter a ferryman. He becomes enchanted be the river and expresses he sentiments to the ferryman about the river and gives the man his friendship since he is unable to pay the fair. The ferryman accepts seeing that Siddhartha is a Samana and tells him that he will pay him one day and return to the river.

The second stage of Siddhartha leads him to the city were he meets Kamala. He becomes enchanted by her and wishes to please her in any way possible and he asks her to teach him the art of sex. She requests that he get clean, money for gifts and is well dressed in order to be his teacher. Because he has no skill to offer other than fasting, waiting and thinking Kamala finds him a job with a merchant named Kamaswami. He becomes Kamaswami’s equal and learns the ways of the merchant, even though he mocks the man for being too worried about his losses in business and his dependence of wealth, Siddhartha ends up becoming like him. He becomes bitter, starves for more money, gambles, drinks and lives like a wealthy man, all the things he mocked and hated. He realizes that he has become like the childlike people around him who took from life but were not actually living for enlightenment. He analyzes his life and compares it to the game of Sansara and becomes sick with the thought of having no purpose in life and wants to runaway, which he does. He leaves everything behind and returns to the river. He is desolated and wanted to end his meaningless life. When he was about to end his life the river talks to him and he becomes amazed. He falls into a deep sleep that brightens his thoughts and he is reborn. When he wakes he finds a monk sitting close by and realizes is his friend Govinda. Govinda does not recognize him at first because of his clothing. Govinda is amazed with his friend’s change and Siddhartha exclaims to him the he is on a pilgrimage. They say their goodbyes and Siddhartha decides he wants to start from the beginning were everything changed for him in the river. He encounters the ferryman and learns his name Vasudeva. At first Vasudeva did not recognize like Govinda and Siddhartha tells him his tale and that the river spoke to him. Vasudeva is pleased with this and is happy for Siddhartha to join him and to learn from the river. He learns different skills from the ferryman and learns from the river as well. Word goes around about to wise man living by the river and many go to confirm the claims. Later there is news that Gotama is dying and many go to see him for the last time and in those many Kamala and her son are among them. Sadly she is bitten by a snake and tells Siddhartha of his son and dies. Siddhartha is happy to have a son but the boy is not happy living by the river and runs away to the city. Siddhartha follows him with no success and finds that Vasudeva was right behind him. They return to the river and he is very sad for the lost of his son. He tells the ferryman his fears and all that is in his heart and realizes that the ferryman is enlighten as a Buddha. The ferryman tells him the Om prayer for the Brahman’s to help him. The ferryman tells Siddhartha to listen closely to the river and his life passes before his eyes and that’s when he realizes that he has found himself and does not second-guess his actions. Vasudeva sees the change in Siddhartha and leaves him as the ferryman. After the death of Gotama, Govinda returns to the river looking for the wise man that everyone is talking about. At first he does not recognize Siddhartha and asks him how he found enlightenment. Siddhartha explains that enlightenment cannot be thought but has to be experienced. He kisses Govinda in the forehead and all the images of his life pass through his eyes. Govinda is amazed and with tears on his eyes bows down to Siddhartha whose face is that of an enlighten Buddha and with this they have both found the enlightenment that they as youth set out to find.

The philosophy of detachment is effective in the stages that Siddhartha goes to in response to nihilism because since the beginning of his life with the Brahman’s he question their teachings and knowledge typical of nihilism. He wanted to know more and why things were the way they were and how were the Gods, gods and how they passed their teachings. He question many things especially religion. In nihilism people goes against the norms. Siddhartha reached a down fall in his life with the gambling, drinking and wanting more money a typical characteristic related to nihilism. Destruction is always expected and not denied but at the end Siddhartha was able to wake and righten his path.
4) Explain the statement, "boredom is nothing other than the dissolution of pain in time", (Jünger p. 13) and its relationship to nihilism

      The book “On Pain” by Ernst Jünger has a close relationship to nihilism. His work touches the darkness of life and the pain that is behind everything we do in life. Jünger believes that pain is our goal in life with the things we do. There is no complete happiness, in the background there will always be pain hiding. Jünger thoughts of pain are relatively characteristics of nihilism.

In his book on page 13 Jünger states that, "boredom is nothing other than the dissolution of pain in time", this quotes relates to nihilism. In nihilism pain is inedible because it leads many times to the destruction of a person. To not believe in anything and have no purpose in life and lead to people to destroy themselves in the process of running away from the norms. Boredom plays an important key in the way people can change their lives because they become bored with the things around them.  

      In conclusion Jünger statement relates to nihilism because people involved in nihilism are usually bored of their way of living and seek for something more like in the case of Siddhartha. Being bore leads to pain in his opinion. In nihilism since norms are not followed this can lead to a person’s destruction. Siddhartha was a young man that wanted more and ended up finding lust, gambling, ambition and drinking. This was destroying him and when he realizes that this life had taken him away from the path of enlightenment he leaves everything behind and wishes to end his life but finds a river that gives him meaning in life once more. Jünger’s statement relates to nihilism and can be identified in Siddhartha. 

On Pain

Assignment: Please choose a passage from the essay on one of the following themes: pain, technology, photography, detachment, sexuality.

Write out the passage. Interpret the passage and explain how it relates to one of the other works we have looked at. Explain why you chose this passage.
 “Pain is one of the keys to unlocks man's innermost being as well as the world. Whenever one approaches the points where man proves himself to be equal or superior to pain, one gains access to the sources of his power and the secret hidden behind his dominion. Tell me your relation to pain, and I will tell you who you are!" (pg. 1).
    Pain is the reason why many people are able to become strong. In order to know yourself you most suffer pain. Nothing in life is easy, but those who do have it easy tend not to appreciate it. Hard work and disappointment give you strength. 
    This passage from On Pain by Ernest Junger relates to the movie "The Blue Angel". The reason for this is because Professor Rath suffered great pain with Lola's betrayal. He was weak and couldn't handle the betrayal since he had abandoned everything he knew for her. If he would have been stronger mentally he would had learned from his mistake and could had been able to prove to her that he didn't need her. His pain consumed him and destroyed him.
    The reason why I choose this passage was because I'm a firm believer that without there is no lesson learned. I think going through pain makes you stronger and smarter.

Dream Story

Assignment: Please choose a quote from Dream Story write out the quote. Then interpret the quote and explain why you chose this passage.

               A few seconds later he felt a soft hand stroking his hair. He raised his head and from the bottom of his heart cried, ‘I’ll tell you everything.’

            At first she gently raised her hand as if to prevent him, but he seized it and held it in his own, both questioning her and pleading with her as he looked up, so she nodded her consent and he began.

            By the time Fridolin had ended the first grey light of dawn was coming through the curtains. Albertine had not once interrupted him with curious or impatient questions. She seemed to sense that he had no desire to conceal anything from her, that he was indeed unable to. She lay there quietly, her hands behind her neck, and remained silent a long time after Fridolin had finished. At last – he had been lying stretched out by her side – he bent over her and, gazing into her impassive face and large bright eyes, in which the day now seemed to be dawning too, asked hesitantly yet full of hope, ‘What should we do, Albertine?’

            She smiled, hesitated briefly, then answered, ‘I think we should be grateful to fate that we’ve emerged safely from these adventures – both from the real ones and from those we dreamed about.’

            ‘Are you quite sure of that?’ he asked.

            ‘As sure as I am of my sense that neither the reality of a single night nor even of a person’s entire life can be equated with the full truth about his innermost being.’

            ‘And no dream,’ he sighed quietly, ‘is altogether a dream.’

            She took his head in both her hands and pillowed it tenderly against her breast. ‘Now we’re truly awake,’ she said, ‘at least for a good while.’ He wanted to add: for ever. But before he had a chance to speak, she laid a finger on his lips and whispered as though to herself, ‘Never inquire into the future.’

            And so they both lay there in silence, both dozing now and then, yet dreamlessly close to one another – until, as every morning at seven, there was a knock upon the bedroom door and, with the usual noises from the street, a triumphant sunbeam coming in between the curtains, and a child’s gay laughter from the adjacent room, another day began.

I chose this passage from pages 98 and 99 the ending of the book because it seemed so real and at the same time so unreal. It seemed real because Fridolin was telling Albertine his feelings and the events that had taken place and the chances he had to cheat on her. At the same time it seemed unreal because is hard to picture another person being truthful and saying the truth about their feelings. This passage is both revealing and unrevealing because Fridolin reveals his feelings and unrevealing because Albertine doesn’t want to think about the future and she wants them to live in the present knowing their true feelings and thoughts about their relationship. At the end having their daughter’s laughter to remind them of what they have together was very nice. Even though they had fantasies with other people I think is actually normal because is human nature to picture yourself with someone else or another life, but at the end family and love call you back to reality. The human mind thrives  on the imagination we all like to imagine different things whether if we were rich, another nationality, etc. At the end Fridolin and Albertine know that they love each other and that their fantasies are just fantasies and that they wouldn't hurt their family or themselves.